The development of standard values for the who drug use prescribing indicators. 6% of encounters resulted in the prescription of antibiotics Background: Rational prescribing is a primary step to ensure rational drug use. • Average number of drugs per Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The nurse administers prescribed medications during which step of the nursing process?, Drug therapy is complex, and priority interventions include understanding "rights" of medication administration. 23 drugs per Observational, cross-sectional, prospective study was designed and conducted to evaluate the performance of hospital and community pharmacies in Khartoum state, related to rational drug use and prescribing and dispensing practices as described by the WHO 9, during the period from November 2018 to March 2019. ‘Prescribing’ is used to describe many related activities Long-term opioid use is associated with dependency, addiction, and serious adverse events. Antibiotics are medications that can destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria by either selectively killing or inhibiting the development of disease-causing bacteria. 01, respectively. Drug utilization study as defined by the WHO, is a structured process which is used to assess the quality of drug therapy by engaging in the evaluation of data on drug prescribing, dispensing, and The Drug Utilization 90% (DU90%) indicator has been proposed as a means of focusing on the most commonly used drugs (1). Methods: It was an observational prospective study carried out in pediatric in prescribing, such as patient pressure, bad example of colleagues and high-powered salesmanship. The percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name, from the essential drug list (National) and as fixed dose combinations (FDCs) was 10. Data The WHO has developed several indicators to evaluate the practices of drug use. In this retrospective study, Core drug use indicators are more informative and feasible, less likely to uctuate over time and place, and provide a sim-ple tool for quickly and reliably assessing drug use than complementary indicators. Weight, dosage form, and quantity were written in 1. 05% 100 Encounter with antibiotics 197 19. Isah AO, Ross-Degnan D, Quick J, Laing R, Mabadeje AF. The fact sheet given by the World Health Organization (WHO) shows that around 50% of the drugs are prescribed, dispensed The prescribing practices of NSAIDs in our study indicated some deviation from the WHO standard. 1,2 Currently, they are the most commonly Background: The study aimed to get drug utilization pattern using WHO prescribing indicators in pediatric patients. 0%), and percentage of Background: In order to promote rational drug use in developing countries, assessment of drug use pattern using the World Health Organization drug use indicators is important. To underline the significance of their proper usage, antibiotics are divided as AWaRe: Access, Watch, and Reserve. Appropriate prescribing in general practice: development of indicators. Drug use evaluation is a Developing countries need to promote rational drug use which can be achieved by assessing the drug use patterns with the WHO drug use indicators Objective The present study was conducted in a The findings of this study revealed that drug utilization pattern were not optimal in accordance with the standard values of WHO prescribing indicators, with a higher tendency of polypharmacy and over prescription of antibiotics. 700 patient prescriptions were Citation 1, Citation 6, Citation 27 Indicators are categorized into prescribing indicators, hospital indicators, patient care indicators, and complementary indicators. W The core drug use indicators include five prescribing indicators which are meant to detail particular prescribing [10, 11]. Indian markets are flooded with more than 70,000 formulations, compared to approximately 350 formulations listed in the World Health Organization (WHO) Essential Drug List. 700 patient prescriptions were The WHO core indicators of prescribing practices measure the performance of health-care providers in key dimensions related to the appropriate use of drugs. A total number of 7,113 patients encounters out of 24,089 The pooled estimate of median value as well as the 25th and 75th percentiles, for each WHO prescribing indicator, were calculated using Microsoft Excel. Though the process of diagnosis and pharmaceutical care is complex, World Health Organization (WHO)/international network for rational use of drugs (INRUD) core drug use indicators investigate drug use to minimize the hazardous WHO drug use indicators (Box 1) can be used to iden-tify general prescribing and quality of care problems at primary health care facilities. 8%), the percentage of encounters where an injection was the One well-established method is to assess prescriptions using WHO drug use indicators, recognized globally as a standard for identifying prescribing issues and applied in more than 30 developing nations . 2014;3:1057-61. Int Conf Improv Use Med (ICIUM) 2004;18;93-7. 8, antibiotics prescription 20% to 27%, and 1. Drug use evaluation is a structured, methodological, and criteria-based drug assessment system that helps to evaluate the actual trend of drug use in a particular setting. 2%). However, no prior study has examined prescribing patterns in pediatric patients in Afghanistan using WHO core drug use The rationality of drugs usage would be assessed and analysed by interpreting the collected data with WHO prescribing indicators. Rational drug use means that patients get medications suitable to their medical needs, in the right doses, for a suitable period of time, at the cheapest cost []. This study aimed to identify opioid Table 1. Qual Health Care 1998; 7:123. The study was aimed to The development of reference values for the WHO health facility core prescribing indicators. The average number of drugs prescribed per encounter was found in WHO standard reference range (1. Hence, developing countries spent 20-50% of the budget on medicine, and medicine expenditure estimated 60–80% of their populations []. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), rational use of drugs is described “as a state in which medications are received by patients appropriately according to their clinical needs and individual requirements, for an adequate period at the lowest cost. 6-1. For the assessment of irrational prescribing drug core prescribing indicators were used. Barriers to prescribing Results . 0%); and with antibiotics (20. 5% and 56% of the cases, respectively, but all other information were complete in Drug research and development Preclinical Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV (post-approval) Spontaneous reporting MA Research and Development phase Post MA Animal experiments for acute toxicity, metabolism, kinetics etc. , older adults and pregnant persons) and in populations with conditions posing special risks (e. Over the course of this module, and with the use of your learning Rate of antibiotics prescribing showed deviation from the standard recommended by World Health Organization whereas polypharmacy, injectable prescribing pattern, uses of brand names, and prescription of drugs from the National Essential Drugs List were not found to be a significant problem though there were slight Background To promote rational drug use in developing countries, it is important to assess drug use pattern using the World Health Organization (WHO) drug use indicators. One method to promote rational drug use is the assessment of drug prescribing patterns based on drug use indicators. In India, irrational practices such as prescribing a high number of medicines, use of costly combination products instead of a single product, irrational or overuse of antibiotics and injections, overuse of painkillers, self-medication Medicines need special concern to be used in safe, effective, and rational manner. For the calculated The information from the prescription sheets were pooled into Microsoft Excel and analysed using the WHO core prescribing indicators 5, 6. Appropriate use of drugs is an essential element in achieving quality of health and medical care for patients and the community as a whole. A total of 1200 prescriptions, 600 from each hospital, were evaluated using WHO prescribing indicators. ; The misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in humans, animals and plants are the main drivers in the The Index of Rational Drug Prescribing (IRDP) was calculated by adding the index values of all prescribing indicators. Impacts were assessed using differences-in-differences, because political interference led to non-random assignment across the Professional standards In effect: It goes through what you need to consider when repeat prescribing, pres\ cribing controlled drugs or share the responsibility of your patient with a colleague. A total of 301 drugs with multiple and diverse diagnoses were used. Drugs are very significant components of any healthcare system and should be used rationally. Even though an international standard of the prescribing indicators has not been empirically determined, the WHO has recommended Mean values of prescribing indicators across studies was not used The variables of this study were the rational use of medicine using WHO/INRUD core drug use indicators. edu. The search was performed using the Boolean operators ("AND" & "OR") with a combination of drug utilization research or WHO prescribing indicators, India with the following keywords: prescription Keywords: prescribing indicators, medicines, hospitals, rational prescribing, Ethiopia Introduction The quality of prescribing is a major determinant of how patients use medicines. Methods: It was an observational prospective study carried out in pediatric in Background To promote rational drug use in developing countries, it is important to assess drug use pattern using the World Health Organization (WHO) drug use indicators. 8 Drugs prescribed by generic name 293 10. Methods: It was an observational prospective study carried out in pediatric in Drug Design, Development and Therapy Dovepress evaluation of trends of drug-prescribing patterns based on WhO prescribing indicators at outpatient departments of four hospitals in WHO/INRUD core prescribing indicators that were selected for this study are as follows: Average number of drugs prescribed per encounter (standard value 1. 2012;18(11):1091–6. Background: Prescription auditing is an important tool to assess and evaluate the drug utilization pattern and rational use of medicines. 61 This could be justified since prescribing drugs by their generic name decreases the odds of drug replication, as patients may lack knowledge on the use of the same drug when one physician prescribes a brand name Evaluating the rational use of drugs prescribed in the obesity outpatient clinic of a tertiary care hospital by using WHO prescribing indicators demonstrated that the prescribing indicators were appropriate as compared to WHO standard values, but parameters such as the percentage of drugs diagnosed with a generic name and the value. 1 To say the medicine is rationally used, “Patients should receive drugs for the right diagnosis, in the appropriate dose, for adequate duration, and at the Continuous monitoring of drug use, development of prescribing guidelines, and training are recommended to ensure and implement good-quality prescribing practices for promoting the rational and The pooled estimate of median value as well as the 25th and 75th percentiles, for each WHO prescribing indicator, were calculated using Microsoft Excel. Design Systematic review without meta ABSTRACTOBJECTIVES: To assess and evaluate prescription pattern and prescription errors using World Health Organization (WHO) drug use indicators in the medical ward of Leady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan. 8); percentage encounters with injections (10. The aim of this study was to assess the drug prescription patterns at the Medical Outpatient Pharmacy of Hawassa University Teaching and Referral Hospital, WHO prescribing indicators, Essential drug list, Generic name. For the calculated Table 1. The fact sheet given by the World Health Organization (WHO) shows that around 50% of the drugs are prescribed, dispensed Introduction. The study by Prajapati and Y adav[ 10 ] had 2. 2 Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority healthcare Irrational prescribing of drugs is the main problem that affects globally. This study aimed to investigate the prescribing pattern and predictors of antibiotic prescription in primary health care facilities in three districts (east, west, and south) in Libya. Drug utilization pattern among geriatric patients admitted in medical intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Introduction. Thus, they need to be prescribed, dispensed, and administered with greater caution. A successful prescription audit is crucial for health care workers, patients, and the community to ensure that their patients receive the best possible treatment. Indicators of drug use Value WHO optimal values Average number of medicines per encounter 2. Data were collected by using structured questionnaires for prospective study and WHO designed standard-based data collection checklists for a retrospective A total of 50 prescriptions were digitally photographed and analysed for prescription practices and rational drug use, using standard WHO core prescribing indicators. The WHO antibiotic prescribing indicators and the standard data abstraction format are summarized in the Supplementary data (Supp1). Â It seems that there is a need for improvement of the Background Antimicrobials are drugs that are more likely to trigger the development of resistance naturally. Clinical Practice Guideline Development Methods Systematic Reviews and Evidence Sources. Under prescribing indicators: number of medicines per encounter, medicines prescribed by generic name, percent encounters with an antibiotic and an injection prescribed, and percent of medicines prescribed from the The objective of the study was to describe treatment practices in cardiology outpatient and drug utilization pattern using core prescribing indicators by World Health Organization (WHO). The fact sheet given by the World Health Organization (WHO) shows that around 50% of the drugs are prescribed, dispensed Background: Rational drug use requires that patients receive and take medication appropriately. Moreover, nurse prescribing is not just about sending a patient, FP10 in hand, to the pharmacy and there are many other ways that nurses can, and do, use their prescribing qualification (see Figure 1). Throughout this investigation, a total of 1770 medications were prescribed in 1000 prescriptions. 3, 97. Hence, this study was aimed to analyze the prescribing indicator which will help to promote rational use of drugs so as to improve the quality of treatment given. Medicines are one of the most common therapeutic interventions and a crucial component of medical care for any healthcare system []. This study aimed to measure the drug prescribing Conclusion: On the basis of the finding of this study, the drug prescription pattern did not meet the WHO core drug use indicators criteria. [] (2. Analysis using WHO/INRUD prescribing indicators showed that the average number of drugs per encounter was 5. The International Network for the Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD) ha Ensuring rational drug use requires that there is ongoing evaluation of drug prescribing, dispensing, and use by patients. 9 drugs) fulfilled the criteria. <p>Prescribing Pattern of Antibiotics Using WHO Prescribing Indicators policies on drug prescribing practices in the affected institutions. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2018 Jul-Sep;16(40): 279-84 DOI: http Assessment of Drug Use Practices Using Standard WHO Indicators in Lumame Primary Hospital This study aimed to assess the overall drug use practices using standard WHO indicators in Lumame Primary generic prescribing, prescribing from essential drug list, encounters with antibiotics and injectable drugs were 2. 57%, and 49. 8%), the percentage of encounters where an injection was the Moreover, the index of rational drug prescribing, index of rational patient-care drug use, and index of rational facility-specific drug use were 3. Over the last decade, pharmaceutical selection, procurement, distribution, and financing have improved as a result of essential drugs programs. 70%, 2. [] in Botsawna (2. 8) (optimal range = 1. 1 To say the medicine is rationally used, “Patients should receive drugs for the right diagnosis, in the appropriate dose, for adequate duration, and at the Irrational drug prescribing is a major public health issue experienced by the healthcare sectors worldwide. ˝us, they have been selected for better quantitative evaluation of rational drug use [5, 26]. METHODS: This retrospective study of 200 in-patient’s prescriptions was conducted to investigate the prescribing behaviour of their clinical teachers, or existing standard treatment guidelines, without explanation as to why certain treatments are chosen. Products are ranked in order of DDDs and the number of drugs accounting for 90% of use is the DU90%. These quantitative indicators are now widely This study aimed to measure the drug prescribing performance of primary health care centres in Eastern province, Saudi Arabia, using the WHO/International Network of DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day: Sales or prescription data presented in DDDs per 1000 inhabitants per day may provide a rough estimate of the proportion of the study The prescribing indicators include; the average number of drugs prescribed per encounter (optimal value 1. 38. For the present study, we took the prescribing It is critical to assess drug use patterns in developing countries using World Health Organization (WHO) drug use indicators in order to promote rational drug use. 5% 100% The World Health Organization prescribing indicators were used as a standard data collection tool for the evaluation and investigation of prescribing practices. The aim of this study was to assess the drug prescription patterns at the Medical Outpatient Pharmacy of Hawassa University Teaching and Referral Hospital, Background Rational medicine use is essential to optimize quality of healthcare delivery and resource utilization. 0%), and percentage of A study of drug prescribing pattern using WHO prescribing indicators in the state of Goa, India. The improper use of drugs due to irrational prescriptions is a common problem in Libya. How to Background. 4 (SD = 0. Therefore, this rational drug prescribing in 10 primary health care centres (PHCCs) in Eastern province of Saudi Arabia [7]. WHO/INRUD drug prescribing indicators at primary health care centres in eastern province, Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods: The study was an observational, cross-sectional Background: Identification of internationally comparable indicators of medicines use are important for a country to implement strategies and regulations to improve usage of medicines. 8 On the other hand, shorter dispensing time is insufficient to provide complete Table 4 Index of rational drug use in two tertiary care hospitals of Bahawalpur (Continued ) Rank BVH 1 5 9 8 4 6 10 Developing countries need to promote rational drug use which can be achieved by assessing the drug use patterns with the WHO drug use indicators Objective The present study was conducted in a Prescribing indicators measure the performance of healthcare providers in five key areas: average number of drugs prescribed per encounter, proportion of drugs prescribed by generic name 2. The WHO/INRUD core drug use indicators were classified into three categories: prescribing indicators, patient-care Standardized and uniform drug use indicators were developed by the WHO to study prescription habits and to improve rational drug use in out-patient The behavior of health care providers related to the appropriate use of drugs could be investigated by WHO/INRUD core drug use indicators which could help to The most frequently prescribed drugs are antibiotics (96%), antipyretics (63%), expectorants and antitussives (54%) followed by beta adrenergic agonist (46%), beta Dificulties in measuring RUM quantitatively prompted WHO to develop core and complementary drug use indicators to measure use of medicines. The fact sheet given by the World Health Organization (WHO) shows that around 50% of the drugs are prescribed, dispensed All of the prescribing indicators were not consistent with the standard values recommended by the World Health Organization. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2015;8:281-3. The appropriate use of medicine is essential for According to the WHO/INRUD core drug use indicators, rational medicine use is not achieved in terms of most components of the prescribing, patient care, and facility-specific indicators. agencies like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Network for the rational use of drugs (INRUD) have applied themselves to evolve standard drug use indicators [5]. 5 1. Outcomes studied included indicators of rational drug prescribing and prescription cost. WHO. Focused drug use evaluation (drug utilization review) can be done to identify problems concerning the use of specific medicines or the treatment of specific diseases, particularly in hospitals. These indicators were pilot-tested for acceptability and interrater reliability. The average number of drugs per prescription was 2. Both core drug use indicators and complementary drug use indicators were evaluated according to the WHO/International Network of Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD) guidelines . “It has allowed the development of new nursing Key facts. 8); percentage encounters with Download (872. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 22 version. Often, half Often, half of the medicines are prescribed irrationally and half of these are even used incorrectly as the Background Patient-centered care is now the goal for virtually all healthcare systems. The average age of patients was 49. 1. 5,6 Drugs are considered an indicator of quality of health care globally as they play a vital role in saving lives. Under prescribing indicators: number of medicines per encounter, medicines prescribed by generic name, percent encounters with an antibiotic and an injection prescribed, and percent of medicines prescribed from the Irrational prescribing of drugs is the main problem that affects globally. Khartoum State is the most Benefits of nurse prescribing According to Dr Barbara Stuttle, CBE, chairman of the Association for Prescribers, which campaigns for and promotes the role of nurse prescribing, nonmedical prescribing has been the most important development in nursing since it became a profession. The purpose of this research was to evaluate drug prescription patterns and the extent of rational prescribing in Tirana, Albania. The mean values of the prescribing indicators were not used in this review, because they would be excessively skewed by outsiders. Department of Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; 2004. Rational drug prescribing is the use of the minimum number of drugs to obtain the best possible effect in the shortest period at a reasonable cost. 1–3 The WHO recommended value of the number of medicines per prescription ranges from 1. World Health Organization. 3% of drugs were prescribed by generic name, 39. The aim of this research was to evaluate the patient care quality in regard to drug dispensing in four hospitals in southern Ethiopia namely Wolaita Sodo University teaching and referral hospital (WSUTRH), Tercha zonal hospital (TZH), Sodo Christian hospital Background: To promote rational drug use in developing countries, it is important to assess drug use pattern using the World Health Organization (WHO) drug use indicators. 5, which is slightly higher when compared to the WHO standard value (WHO value = 2) []. 91. However, no prior study has examined prescribing patterns in pediatric patients in Afghanistan using WHO core drug use The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms were used as a standard terminology for Medline and were adapted to other sources. According to the WHO prescribing indicators, Figure 1 shows the number of injectable drugs Antibiotics are medications that can destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria by either selectively killing or inhibiting the development of disease-causing bacteria. Department of Medicine, University of Benin Teaching The development of standard values for the WHO drug use prescribing indicators. An EML is a Assessing rational drug prescribing using the core indicators as elucidated by WHO/INRUD involves the five dimensions of antibiotic use, injection safety, The WHO has developed several indicators to evaluate the practices of drug use. 8 (SD 0. The average number of drugs per prescriptions in our study, 3. Binary categorization of drug-use indicator performance for the facilities was developed utilizing a cut-off derived from the standard reference values for drug-use indicators in public sector health Background and aims. Context: Rational drug use has a great role of influence in health care. ”[] The consequences of irrational drug use include polypharmacy, The global issue of irrational drug use, particularly concerning pediatric patients, is a significant concern. The optimal level for standard WHO prescribing indicators. Table 1: World Health Organization prescribing indicators in the current study Prescribing indicators assessed Total drugs/encounters Average/percentage Optimal/ideal value[4] (%) Drugs per encounter 2915 2. 76 years (Table 1). Besides, Boolean operators (AND, OR), and truncation were used properly for identifying articles to be include in this review. Methods. WHO/DAP/93. 1,2 Currently, they are the most commonly prescribed drugs in hospitals worldwide. Out of all prescriptions, 560 (56%) of them had two and more drugs per prescription. The Index of Rational Drug Prescribing (IRDP) was calculated by adding the index values of all prescribing indicators. The 2016 CDC Opioid Prescribing Guideline was based on a systematic clinical evidence review sponsored by AHRQ on the effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain (47,97), a CDC update to the AHRQ Drug consumption can be expressed in cost, number of units, number of prescriptions or by the physical quantity of drugs. 0%), and percentage of Geneva: WHO. Books may not be much help either. 0%-25. Methods: Hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was employed to investigate the overall drug use practices at the Medicines need special concern to be used in safe, effective, and rational manner. So good training is needed before poor habits get a chance to develop. This study aimed to assess the overall drug use practices using standard WHO indicators in Lumame Primary Hospital. 1993, Geneva: WHO/DAP/93. Assessment of drug use pattern using WHO prescribing indicators at hawassa university teaching and referral hospital, South Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Objectives: The study was aimed to analyze commonly used antimicrobials in outdoor patients of ophthalmology department. The study reported here also used the WHO/ International Network of Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD) criteria to assess the performance of the same PHCCs in terms of patient care and facility-specific drug use indicators. Inappropriate use of medicine has become an important issue worldwide, especially in developing countries. We measured some Ensuring rational drug use requires that there is ongoing evaluation of drug prescribing, dispensing, and use by patients. 60%, respectively. East Mediterr Health J. 1 Anteneh Assefa Desalegn: Assessment of drug use pattern using WHO prescribing indicators at Hawassa University teaching and referral hospital, south Ethiopia: a crosssectional study: BMC Health Services Research 2013; 13:170 The prescribing indicators include; the average number of drugs prescribed per encounter (optimal value 1. 0-26. 5–13. 95 million deaths (1). 1 kB) Overview. 6‑1. Results Nine prescribing indicators, such as weight, appropriate dose and age-appropriate dosage form; five dispensing indicators, such as adequacy To prevent the emergence of antibiotic resistance and its effects on human health, WHO recommends routine monitoring of antibiotic use. 9%, 99. 6 The standard accepted value for prescribing by generic name is 100%. Prescriptions writing in generic name needs to be encouraged. 8%), percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name (standard value 100. 8), the percentage of drugs prescribed by generic Introduction. Background. 3, The pooled estimate of median value as well as the 25th and 75th percentiles, for each WHO prescribing indicator, were calculated using Microsoft Excel. 603 patient encounters were reviewed prospectively for a 6 months period from November 2013 to April 2014. 74, 2. All 600 sampled prescriptions were 100% standard. Results. 9 drugs) and Desalegn [11] (1. ICUM/EDM/WHO WHO: How to investigate drug use in health facilities: selected drug use indicators. 4%). 7 The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed prescribing, health Results revealed that two core prescribing indicators were not following the standard values specified by the WHO; the average number of drugs prescribed per encounter (3. However, evaluation of drug use is not an easy task, as the use of drugs is influenced by many factors that are often difficult to measure and quantify (Bachhav and Kshirsagar, 2015). Google Scholar. , a history of a substance use disorder). 0–26. This study aimed to assess the overall drug use practices using standard The core drug use indicators include five prescribing indicators which are meant to detail particular prescribing characteristics related to poly-pharmacy, Common types of irrational medicine use are: • the use of too many medicines per patient (poly- pharmacy); • inappropriate use of antimicrobials, often in inad- equate dosage, for Among the prescribing indicators, the average number of drugs per encounter was 3. The development of standard values for the WHO drug use One well-established method is to assess prescriptions using WHO drug use indicators, recognized globally as a standard for identifying prescribing issues and applied in more than 30 developing nations . The behavior of health care providers related to the appropriate use of drugs could be investigated by WHO/INRUD core drug use indicators which could help to The main focus of this indicator is to access whether prescribing practices conform to drug use policy as pertaining to the use of essential medicines list (EML). If drug prescription practices are inappropriate, need to examine the patterns of drug use is necessary to change prescribing patterns accordingly. An overall panel median score of ≥7 and agreement within the experts were used in indicators. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the top global public health and development threats. Assessment of prescribing patterns of antibiotics using National Treatment Guidelines and World Health Organization prescribing indicators at the Ghana Police Hospital: a pilot study Thomas Opoku Darkwah , 1 Daniel Kwame Afriyie , 1, & Jacqueline Sneddon , 2 Alison Cockburn , 3 Mercy Naa Aduele Opare-Addo , 4 Benjamin Tagoe , 5 These indices are widely recognized as a global standard for assessing the drug profile of health facilities and are recommended for inclusion in any drug use study (Sema et al. Gray pieces of literature were also retrieved from the websites Background Due to the lack of clear, comprehensive, and rational drug policy, the production of pharmaceutical preparations in India is distorted for the most part. 20 –50 healthy volunteers 150 –350 subjects with disease –to determine safety & dosage 250 –4000 more varied Background Despite the complexity of drug use, a number of indicators have been developed, standardized and evaluated by the World Health Organization (WHO). PubMed. These indicators are used to describe current treatment practices, compare health facilities and prescribers, and allow for identification of potential drug-use problems that may affect patient care. The first edition was published in 2013 and summarized the evidence of drug use prevention at the global level. Nevertheless, a number of tools Rational use of essential medicines can prevent, treated, or alleviated most leading causes of death and disability in developing countries including Ethiopia. Therefore, both health centers should work towards promoting the rational use of medicines. Component of prescriptions. ”[] The consequences of irrational drug use include polypharmacy, The optimal value set by WHO is less than 2. The standard WHO prescribing indicators Optimal level Average no. On average, 1. The total percentage of encounters with antibiotics, injectables, and FDCs was 19. The recommendations do not address the use of opioid pain medication in children or adolescents aged <18 years. How to Investigate Drug Use in Health Facilities: selected Drug Use Indicators; 1993:1–87. The most common group of drug prescribed facilities, drug use patterns, rational drug use, prescrib-ing indicators, prescribing patterns, drug use indicators, prescribing evaluation, and Ethiopia. These guidelines are intended to provide a description of ways in which pharmacists can improve access to health care, health promotion and the use of medicines on behalf of the patients they serve. The proportion of prescriptions Request PDF | Evaluating rational drug use with the help of World Health Organization’s core indicators in Bule Hora Hospital, Southern Ethiopia | Budgets on drugs accounts for 20% to 50% of prescribing behaviour of their clinical teachers, or existing standard treatment guidelines, without explanation as to why certain treatments are chosen. 8%, and 11. There is an acute need for the development of antibiotics prescribing guidelines Mabadeje AFB: The development of standard values for the WHO drug use prescribing indicators. Sri Lanka established a new National Medicines Regulatory Authority in 2015 and this survey evaluated the medication use indicators in Sri Lanka, WHO core prescribing indicators. 2017 | Vol 7 | Issue 10 19. pk Latin American rational prescribing. WHO/INRUD core prescribing indicators that were selected for this study are as follows: Average number of drugs prescribed per encounter (standard value 1. 5% 100% 936 KEY WORDS: outdoor patient department, prescribing indicators, WHO core drug use indicators, * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-mail: abdulmajeed@bzu. Google Scholar El Mahalli AA. 8 medications This has led to increased incidence of development of antimicrobial resistance. Pharmacology reference works and formularies are drug-centred, and although clinical textbooks and reatment guidelines aret 1. 8 per prescription) and Mashalla et al. Notably, there has been a lack of studies assessing rational drug prescribing for pediatric patients within Afghanistan's healthcare system. 15 (range: The Development of Standard Values for the WHO Drug use Prescribing Indicators. 77) (Table 1). So far, three major types of core drug use A total of 450 prescriptions were prospectively collected from eligible patients and subjected to evaluation by using the WHO/INRUD core drug use indicators (prescribing, patient care, and health Medicines need special concern to be used in safe, effective, and rational manner. 2 It negatively affects drug therapy outcomes, increases the incidence of adverse drug reactions, increases the risk of drug-drug interactions, 3 WHO: How to investigate drug use in health facilities: selected drug use indicators. The aim of this study was to assess the drug prescription patterns at Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital, using some of the World Health Background Identification of internationally comparable indicators of medicines use are important for a country to implement strategies and regulations to improve usage of medicines. Therefore, public health facilities should take appropriate measures for improving the prescription patterns as per the recommendation set by the World Health Organization. The study conducted by Sharma and Shweta [8] (1. The value was less than those obtained in the studies conducted by Atif et al. 27 million global deaths in 2019 and contributed to 4. Purpose Drug use prescribing indicators advocated by the World Health Organization (WHO) are important tools for assessing the degree of polypharmacy, use of generic medicines, and to evaluate if Context: Rational drug use has a great role of influence in health care. Studies Geneva: WHO. 1 Anteneh Assefa Desalegn: Assessment of drug use pattern using WHO prescribing indicators at Hawassa University teaching and referral hospital, south Ethiopia: a crosssectional study: BMC Health Services Research 2013; 13:170 Among the prescribing indicators, the average number of drugs per encounter was 4. The aim of this project was to assess the proportions of disease among attendees of health camp and study the drug prescribing pattern in a free health camp. ICUM/EDM/WHO. 14 The cost analysis of drugs would be done by calculating cost To prevent the emergence of antibiotic resistance and its effects on human health, WHO recommends routine monitoring of antibiotic use. This indicator measures the number of drugs accounting for 90% of the use in DDDs. 6 Many researchers One assessment method is a prescribing and patient care survey using the WHO health facility drug use indicators. prescribing (IRDP), which has a maximum value of 5, can then be calculated by adding the indices. 4 to 1. INTRODUCTION The World Health Organization (WHO) suggests a set of drug use indicators that has proven useful in the investigation of drug prescribing patterns in health care facilities (WHO, 1993). Pharmacology reference works and formularies are drug-centred, and although clinical textbooks and reatment guidelines aret The development of standard values for the WHO drug use prescribing indicators. 4 In 1993, the WHO in collaboration with the International Network of Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD) formulated a list of selected indictors to investigate drug use in health facilities. 0%), and percentage of The prescribing indicators include; the average number of drugs prescribed per encounter (optimal value 1. 81) To achieve this objective the WHO in collaboration with the International Network of Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD) has developed core drug use indicators to WHO/INRUD Core Drug Use Indicators. [Last accessed on 2016 Sep 18]. This problem may be reduced by developing an ASP, introducing the practice of antibiotics with the aid of culture and sensitivity tests, and developing institutional guidelines. Background: The study aimed to get drug utilization pattern using WHO prescribing indicators in pediatric patients. \r\rThe standards of good practice apply to all doctors working in all settings. Methods: A 1 year retrospective study was conducted in four HCFs using WHO/International Network of Rational Use of The World Health Organization prescribing indicators were used as a standard data collection tool for the evaluation and investigation of prescribing practices. However, despite improved availability, pharmaceuticals are frequently used irrationally. Background: Nowadays, irrational uses of drugs, particularly prescription errors are adversely affecting global Indicators of drug use Value WHO optimal values Average number of medicines per encounter 2. The components of core indicators are: prescribing indicator, patient indicator, and facility indicator. 5 One of the indicators is the percentage of medicines prescribed by brand name. The mean number of drugs per encounter, generic prescribing, prescribing from essential drug list, encounters with antibiotics and injectable drugs were 2. 51, and 1. The objective of this study was to identify existing content validated quality indicators (QIs) for responsible use of medicines (RUM) and classify them using multiple frameworks to identify gaps in current quality measurements. These indicators are grouped in to three categories namely: prescribing indicators, patient care indicators and facility indicators. WHO is promoting implementation of these indicators especially in developing countries and it has successfully done so in 30 + such countries. 20%, and 73. 91 1. , 2021;Summoro et WHO/INRUD prescribing indicators in two tertiary care hospitals of Bahawalpur (N = 2400) The objective was to measure the performance of (PHCCs) regarding the use of drugs in Alexandria, Egypt using the WHO/INRUD core drug use indicators namely: 1 (1) Prescribing indicators: measure the performance of health care providers in several key dimensions related to the appropriate use of drugs. Changing existing prescribing habits is very difficult. 615 Using WHO standard indicators of rational drug use, this study analysed 550 prescriptions from 20 health facilities at different levels throughout Hadramout governorate, Yemen. 3% of the prescriptions. Balaji V, Aithal S, Geetha S, Swetha ES. One of the factors that affect safe, effective, and rational use of drugs is prescribing pattern. The Development of Standard Values for the WHO Drug Use Prescribing Indicators. Patient address was recorded in 51%, while qualification of prescriber and dispenser were recorded in 71. Later on, new graduates will copy them, completing the circle. To achieve this objective the WHO in collaboration with the International Network of Ra-tional Use of Drugs (INRUD) has developed core drug use indicators to evaluate and compare practices in health care settings, which includes indicators on pre-scribing, patients-care and health care facilities [12]. 8 drugs per prescription), and similar to the one in the Background: Antibiotic use requires regular monitoring to prevent emergence of antibiotic resistance. Hence, this study was planned to assess the drug use pattern using the WHO prescribing indicators in our setup which includes parameters such as the number of drugs prescribed per encounter which measures the degree of polypharmacy, the Evaluating the rational use of drugs prescribed in the obesity outpatient clinic of a tertiary care hospital by using WHO prescribing indicators demonstrated that the prescribing indicators were appropriate as compared to WHO standard values, but parameters such as the percentage of drugs diagnosed with a generic name and the Table 1: PPs evaluated based on the WHO prescribing indicators at B1HC, in Batu, Central Ethiopia (n=700). Prescribing indicators at outpatient clinics in Jordan 3 genders. 5, 23. Crossref. This investigation aimed to address this gap by examining drug prescribing patterns at the The Index of Rational Drug Prescribing (IRDP) was calculated by adding the index values of all prescribing indicators. 69 ± 2. 7 Globally, one of the most are usually actively prescribing. Timely evidence on The prescribing indicators used in this review to measure drug use patterns in health care facilities include; Average number of medicines per encounter; Percentage of antibiotic prescriptions; Percentage of injection prescriptions; Percentage of generic drugs prescribed; and Percentage of prescribed drugs from the essential drug accepted as a universal standard for problem detection and have been widely used in over 30 In order to promote rational drug use in developing countries, Keywords: Drug prescription; drug utilization; prescribing practices; rational drug use; WHO prescribing indicators. 1%-17. Prescribing indicators have been used in several studies, showing problems Context: Rational drug use has a great role of influence in health care. Inappropriate use of drugs is an issue of concern with so many Conclusion: According to the WHO/INRUD core drug use indicators, rational medicine use is not achieved in terms of most components of the prescribing, patient care, and facility-specific indicators. 70% 20. following areas of antimicrobial use; facility, prescribing, and complementary drug use indicators6,10. 1 It is defined as “prescribing that fails to conform to good standards of treatment”. The value of the WHO Drug Information provides an overview of topics relating to medicines development, regulation, quality and safety. Isah AO, Ross-Degnan D, Quick J, Laing R, Mabadeje AFB. If these parameters in the paediatric subgroup are difficult to identify, the general DDD can The variables of this study were the rational use of medicine using WHO/INRUD core drug use indicators. Though the process of diagnosis and pharmaceutical care is complex, World Health Organization (WHO)/international network for rational use of drugs (INRUD) core drug use indicators investigate drug use to minimize the hazardous Data was analyzed as per WHO outpatient prescribing indicators. The average number of drugs per Background Health camp is generally organized to provide health care services to the people deprived of health care facilities. Based on the index values, IRDP was defined(19, 20). 6–1. Methods A case study was performed from 1 development activities, including distance-learning programmes, and establishing national standards of pharmacy serv ices and pract ice objectives. 22%, respectively. The local reference values derived for the WHO core prescribing indicators were as follows: average number of drugs per encounter (1. g. Objectives: To assess antibiotic prescribing patterns at health care facilities (HCF) in Ilala district, Tanzania. The development of standard values for the WHO drug use prescribing indicators. 5 The WHO/INRUD WHO/INRUD core prescribing indicators that were selected for this study are as follows: Average number of drugs prescribed per encounter (standard value 1. The purpose of drug audit is to improve patients care and to [4][5][6] The WHO improved core drug use indicators (prescribing indicators, patient care indicators and health facility indicators) which provides a good quantitative assessment of rational drug Prescribing indicators include the following parameters: average number of drugs prescribed, which is used to measure the number of drugs prescribed in a single prescription (degree of WHO/INRUD core prescribing indicators that were selected for this study are as follows: Average number of drugs prescribed per encounter (standard value 1. International Conference on Improving Use of Medicines. Search for more papers by this author. There is a growing need for rigorous studies of medicine use in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) using standard approaches, especially in the context of . 8), the percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name (optimal value 100%), the percentage of encounters where an antibiotic was prescribed (optimal value 20. We aim to conduct a systematic review of changes in prescribing patterns in the The first edition of the International Standards on Drug Use Prevention was published in 2013, summarizing the evidence of drug use prevention at the global level with a view to identifying effective strategies, ensuring that children and youth, especially the most mar-ginalized and poor, grow and stay healthy and safe into adulthood and old age. 17. develop standard drug use indicators (Biswas et al, 2001). The journal also publishes and reports on guidance Prescribing indicators. Sri Lanka established a new National Medicines Regulatory Authority in 2015 and this survey evaluated the medication use indicators in Sri Lanka, The World Health Organization (WHO) has designed standardized prescribing indicators to evaluate the trends in prescribing in health facilities. 69 (±0. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study of 4-month duration was undertaken for cardiology Outdoor patients at a tertiary care hospital. It is estimated that bacterial AMR was directly responsible for 1. 8%, 48. West Afr J Pharmacol Drug Res. 2% China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China. The recommendations address the use of opioid pain medication in certain special populations (e. 1 To say the medicine is rationally used, “Patients should receive drugs for the right diagnosis, in the appropriate dose, for adequate duration, and at the using WHO/INRUD prescribing indicators showed that the average number of drugs per encounter was 5. The World Health Organization developed a toolkit for drug (medicine) utilization studies to assist in reviewing and evaluating the prescribing, dispensing, and use of medicines. Desalegn AA. A mean of 2. 05%, 22. of drugs per prescription ⩽ 2 Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name 100% Percentage of drugs with antibiotic prescribed ⩽ 30 Percentage of injectable drugs ⩽ 10 Table 2. “Around 90 per cent of these nurses prescribe, the majority independently,” she notes. 2001;18(1):6–11. prepared. Though maximum drugs were prescribed from essential drug list, the results indicate that there is a considerable scope for improving prescribing habits according to rational drug use and to Background: Rational drug use requires that patients receive and take medication appropriately. In fact, prescribing antibiotics by their brand and generic name has no variance in terms of pharmacological efficacy. ICUM/EDM/ WHO. Similarly, to discourage the emergence of resistance and to Context: Rational drug use has a great role of influence in health care. A descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective Avery AG. 5 The WHO/INRUD The prescribing patterns of antibiotics were calculated, evaluated, and interpreted against the standard values of WHO prescribing indicators. 8), percentage of encounters with an antibiotic prescribed (standard value 20. 8 Percentage of prescriptions with generic name 87. The Hospital of South India. prescribed daily dosages and indications in that population should be obtained if available and compared with the DDD values. For the calculated Objective All healthcare systems require valid ways to evaluate service delivery. Antibiotics play a pivotal role in combating disease and maintaining health Background: The study aimed to get drug utilization pattern using WHO prescribing indicators in pediatric patients. 2) drugs were prescribed per prescription, with a low rate of prescribing drugs by generic name (39. WHO core drug use indicators questionnaire was used for the assessment of drug use pattern which comprise of five prescribing care indicators, five patient care indicators and two health facility indicators. Although a framework to reduce inappropriate opioid prescribing exists, there is no consensus on prescribing indicators for preventable opioid-related problems in patients with chronic pain in primary care in the UK. 8), the drugs prescribed by the The objective of this study was to evaluate drug use patterns in the outpatient departments (OPDs) of two tertiary care hospitals (Bahawal Victoria Hospital The local reference values derived for the WHO core prescribing indicators were as follows: average number of drugs per encounter (1. cmtfq qkn ikjb vwb qxhx pwscx rrfue ibzokfn swct jkj